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December 21, 2010

Europe: The New Plan

Filed under: Uncategorized — mihaibeltechi @ 3:52 pm

Europe: The New Plan

December 21, 2010 | 1000 GMT


By Peter Zeihan

Europe is on the cusp of change. An EU heads-of-state summit Dec. 16 launched a process aimed to save the common European currency. If successful, this process would be the most significant step toward creating a singular European power since the creation of the European Union itself in 1992 — that is, if it doesn’t destroy the euro first.

Envisioned by the EU Treaty on Monetary Union, the common currency, the euro, has suffered from two core problems during its decade-long existence: the lack of a parallel political union and the issue of debt. Many in the financial world believe that what is required for a viable currency is a fiscal union that has taxation power — and that is indeed needed. But that misses the larger point of who would be in charge of the fiscal union. Taxation and appropriation — who pays how much to whom — are essentially political acts. One cannot have a centralized fiscal authority without first having a centralized political/military authority capable of imposing and enforcing its will. Greeks are not going to implement a German-designed tax and appropriations system simply because Berlin thinks it’s a good idea. As much as financiers might like to believe, the checkbook is not the ultimate power in the galaxy. The ultimate power comes from the law backed by a gun.

 

Europe’s Disparate Parts

 

This isn’t a revolutionary concept — in fact, it is one most people know well at some level. Americans fought the bloodiest war in their history from 1861 to 1865 over the issue of central power versus local power. What emerged was a state capable of functioning at the international level. It took three similar European wars — also in the 19th century — for the dozens of German principalities finally to merge into what we now know as Germany.

Europe simply isn’t to the point of willing conglomeration just yet, and we do not use the American Civil War or German unification wars as comparisons lightly. STRATFOR sees the peacetime creation of a unified European political authority as impossible, since Europe’s component parts are far more varied than those of mid-19th century America or Germany.

  • Northern Europe is composed of advanced technocratic economies, made possible by the capital-generating capacity of the well-watered North European Plain and its many navigable rivers (it is much cheaper to move goods via water than land, and this advantage grants nations situated on such waterways a steady supply of surplus capital). As a rule, northern Europe prefers a strong currency in order to attract investment to underwrite the high costs of advanced education, first-world infrastructure and a highly technical industrial plant. Thus, northern European exports — heavily value added — are not inhibited greatly by a strong currency. One of the many outcomes of this development pattern is a people that identifies with its brethren throughout the river valleys and in other areas linked by what is typically omnipresent infrastructure. This crafts a firm identity at the national level rather than local level and assists with mass-mobilization strategies. Consequently, size is everything.
  • Southern Europe, in comparison, suffers from an arid, rugged topography and lack of navigable rivers. This lack of rivers does more than deny them a local capital base, it also inhibits political unification; lacking clear core regions, most of these states face the political problems of the European Union in microcosm. Here, identity is more localized; southern Europeans tend to be more concerned with family and town than nation, since they do not benefit from easy transport options or the regular contact that northern Europeans take for granted. Their economies reflect this, with integration occurring only locally (there is but one southern European equivalent of the great northern industrial mega-regions such as the Rhine, Italy’s Po Valley). Bereft of economies of scale, southern European economies are highly dependent upon a weak currency to make their exports competitive abroad and to make every incoming investment dollar or deutschemark work to maximum effect.
  • Central Europe — largely former Soviet territories — have yet different rules of behavior. Some countries, like Poland, fit in well with the northern Europeans, but they require outside defense support in order to maintain their positions. The frigid weather of the Baltics limits population sizes, demoting these countries to being, at best, the economic satellites of larger powers (they’re hoping for Sweden while fearing it will be Russia). Bulgaria and Romania are a mix of north and south, sitting astride Europe’s longest navigable river yet being so far removed from the European core that their successful development may depend upon events in Turkey, a state that is not even an EU member. While states of this grouping often plan together for EU summits, in reality the only thing they have in common is a half-century of lost ground to recover, and they need as much capital as can be made available. As such variation might suggest, some of these states are in the eurozone, while others are unlikely to join within the next decade.

And that doesn’t even begin to include the EU states that have actively chosen to refuse the euro — Denmark, Sweden and the United Kingdom — or consider the fact that the European Union is now made up of 27 different nationalities thatjealously guard their political (and in most cases, fiscal) autonomy.

The point is this: With Europe having such varied geographies, economies and political systems, any political and fiscal union would be fraught with complications and policy mis-prescriptions from the start. In short, this is a defect of the euro that is not going to be corrected, and to be blunt, it isn’t one that the Europeans are trying to fix right now.

 

The Debt Problem

 

If anything, they are attempting to craft a work-around by addressing the second problem: debt. Monetary union means that all participating states are subject to the dictates of a single central bank, in this case the European Central Bank (ECB) headquartered in Frankfurt. The ECB’s primary (and only partially stated) mission is to foster long-term stable growth in the eurozone’s largest economy — Germany — working from the theory that what is good for the continent’s economic engine is good for Europe.

One impact of this commitment is that Germany’s low interest rates are applied throughout the currency zone, even to states with mediocre income levels, lower educational standards, poorer infrastructure and little prospect for long-term growth. Following their entry into the eurozone, capital-starved southern Europeans used to interest rates in the 10-15 percent range found themselves in an environment of rates in the 2-5 percent range (currently it is 1.0 percent). To translate that into a readily identifiable benefit, that equates to a reduction in monthly payments for a standard 30-year mortgage of more than 60 percent.

As the theory goes, the lower costs of capital will stimulate development in the peripheral states and allow them to catch up to Germany. But these countries traditionally suffer from higher interest rates for good reasons. Smaller, poorer economies are more volatile, since even tiny changes in the international environment can send them through either the floor or the roof. Higher risks and volatility mean higher capital costs. Their regionalization also engenders high government spending as the central government attempts to curb the propensity of the regions to spin away from the center (essentially, the center bribes the regions to remain in the state).

This means that when the eurozone spread to these places, theory went out the window. In practice, growth in the periphery did accelerate, but that growth was neither smooth nor sustainable. The unification of capital costs has proved more akin to giving an American Express black card to a college freshman: Traditionally capital poor states (and citizens) have a propensity to overspend in situations where borrowing costs are low, due to a lack of a relevant frame of reference. The result has been massive credit binging by corporations, consumers and governments alike, inevitably leading to bubbles in a variety of sectors. And just as these states soared high in the first decade after the euro was introduced, they have crashed low in the past year. The debt crises of 2010 — so far precipitating government debt bailouts for Ireland and Greece and an unprecedented bank bailout in Ireland — can be laid at the feet of this euro-instigated over-exuberance.

It is this second, debt-driven shortcoming that European leaders discussed Dec. 16. None of them want to do away with the euro at this point, and it is easy to see why. While the common currency remains a popular whipping boy in domestic politics, its benefits — mainly lower transaction costs, higher purchasing power, unfettered market access and cheaper and more abundant capital — are deeply valued by all participating governments. The question is not “whither the euro” but how to provide a safety net for the euro’s less desirable, debt-related aftereffects. The agreed-upon path is to create a mechanism that can manage a bailout even for the eurozone’s larger economies when their debt mountains become too imposing. In theory, this would contain the contradictory pressures the euro has created while still providing to the entire zone the euro’s many benefits.

 

Obstacles to the Safety Net

 

Three complications exist, however. First, when a bailout is required, it is clearly because something has gone terribly wrong. In Greece’s case, it was out-of-control government spending with no thought to the future; in essence, Athens took that black card and leapt straight into the economic abyss. In Ireland’s case, it was private-sector overindulgence, which bubbled the size of the financial sector to more than four times the entire country’s gross domestic product. In both cases, recovery was flat-out impossible without the countries’ eurozone partners stepping in and declaring some sort of debt holiday, and the result was a complete funding of all Greek and Irish deficit spending for three years while they get their houses in order.

“Houses in order” are the key words here. When the not-so-desperate eurozone states step in with a few billion euros — 223 billion euros so far, to be exact — they want not only their money back but also some assurance that such overindulgences will not happen again. The result is a deep series of policy requirements that must be adopted if the bailout money is to be made available. Broadly known as austerity measures, these requirements result in deep cuts to social services, retirement benefits and salaries. They are not pleasant. Put simply: Germany is attempting to trade financial benefits for the right to make policy adjustments that normally would be handed by a political union.

It’s a pretty slick plan, but it is not happening in a vacuum. Remember, there are two more complications. The second is that the Dec. 16 agreement is only an agreement in principle. Before any Champagne corks are popped, one should consider that the “details” of the agreement raise a more than “simply” trillion-euro question. STRATFOR guesses that to deliver on its promises, the permanent bailout fund (right now there is a temporary fund with a “mere” 750 billion euros) probably would need upwards of three trillion euros. Why so much? The debt bailouts for Greece and Ireland were designed to completely sequester those states from debt markets by providing those governments with all of the cash they would need to fund their budgets for three years. This wise move has helped keep the contagion from spreading to the rest of the eurozone. Making any fund credible means applying that precedent to all the eurozone states facing high debt pressures, and using the most current data available, that puts the price tag at just under 2.2 trillion euros. Add in enough extra so that the eurozone has sufficient ammo left to fight any contagion and we’re looking at a cool 3 trillion euros. Anti-crisis measures to this point have enjoyed the assistance of both the ECB and the International Monetary Fund, but so far, the headline figures have been rather restrained when compared to future needs. Needless to say, the process of coming up with funds of that magnitude when it is becoming obvious to the rest of Europe that this is, at its heart, a German power play is apt to be contentious at best.

The third complication is that the bailout mechanism is actually only half the plan. The other half is to allow states to at least partially default on their debt (in EU diplomatic parlance, this is called the “inclusion of private interests in funding the bailouts”). When the investors who fund eurozone sovereign debt markets hear this, they understandably shudder, since it means the European Union plans to codify giving states permission to walk away from their debts — sticking investors with the losses. This too is more than simply a trillion-euro question. Private investors collectively own nearly all of the eurozone’s 7.5 trillion euros in outstanding sovereign debt. And in the case of Italy, Austria, Belgium, Portugal and Greece, debt volumes worth half or more of GDP for each individual state are held by foreigners.

Assuming investors decide it is worth the risk to keep purchasing government debt, they have but one way to mitigate this risk: charge higher premiums. The result will be higher debt financing costs for all, doubly so for the eurozone’s more spendthrift and/or weaker economies.

For most of the euro’s era, the interest rates on government bonds have been the same throughout the eurozone, based on the inaccurate belief that eurozone states would all be as fiscally conservative and economically sound as Germany. That belief has now been shattered, and the rate on Greek and Irish debt has now risen from 4.5 percent in early 2008 to this week’s 11.9 percent and 8.6 percent, respectively. With a formal default policy in the making, those rates are going to go higher yet. In the era before monetary union became the Europeans’ goal, Greek and Irish government debt regularly went for 20 percent and 10 percent, respectively. Continued euro membership may well put a bit of downward pressure on these rates, but that will be more than overwhelmed by the fact that both countries are, in essence, in financial conservatorship.

That is not just a problem for the post-2013 world, however. Because investors now know the European Union intends to stick them with at least part of the bill, they are going to demand higher returns as details of the default plan are made known, both on any new debt and on any pre-existing debt that comes up for refinancing. This means that states that just squeaked by in 2010 must run a more difficult gauntlet in 2011 — particularly if they depend heavily on foreign investors for funding their budget deficits. All will face higher financing and refinancing costs as investors react to the coming European disclosures on just how much the private sector will be expected to contribute.

Leaving out the two states that have already received bailouts (Greece and Ireland), the four eurozone states STRATFOR figures face the most trouble — Portugal, Belgium, Spain and Austria, in that order — plan to raise or refinance a quarter trillion euros in 2011 alone. Italy and France, two heavyweights not that far from the danger zone, plan to raise another half-trillion euros between them. If the past is any guide, the weaker members of this quartet could face financing costs of double what they’ve faced as recently as early 2008. For some of these states, such higher costs could be enough to push them into the bailout bin even if there is no additional investor skittishness.

The existing bailout mechanism probably can handle the first four states (just barely, and assuming it works as advertised), but beyond that, the rest of the eurozone will have to come up with a multitrillion-euro fund in an environment in which private investors are likely to balk. Undoubtedly, the euro needs a new mechanism to survive. But by coming up with one that scares those who make government deficit-spending possible, the Europeans have all but guaranteed that Europe’s financial crisis will get much worse before it begins to improve.

But let’s assume for a moment that this all works out, that the euro survives to the day that the new mechanism will be in place to support it. Consider what such a 2013 eurozone would look like if the rough design agreed to Dec. 16 becomes a reality. All of the states flirting with bailouts as 2010 draws to a close expect to have even higher debt loads two years from now. Hence, investors will have imposed punishing financing costs on all of them. Alone among the major eurozone countries not facing such costs will be Germany, the country that wrote the bailout rules and is indirectly responsible for managing the bailouts enacted to this point. Berlin will command the purse strings and the financial rules, yet be unfettered by those rules or the higher financing costs that go with them. Such control isn’t quite a political union, but so long as the rest of the eurozone is willing to trade financial sovereignty for the benefits of the euro, it is certainly the next best thing.

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Read more: Europe: The New Plan | STRATFOR

Europa: Noul plan

21 decembrie 2010 | 1000 GMT

De Peter Zeihan

Europa este pe cale de schimbare. UE-o şefii de stat summit-16 decembrie a lansat un proces care urmăreşte pentru a salva moneda comună europeană. Daca va avea succes, acest proces ar fi cel mai important pas spre crearea unei reţele europene de energie singular de la crearea Uniunii Europene însăşi în 1992 – este că, dacă nu distruge euro prima.

Prevazute de Tratatul UE privind Uniunea Monetară, moneda comună, euro, a suferit de probleme de bază două în timpul existenţei sale timp de un deceniu: lipsa unei uniuni politice paralele şi problema datoriilor. Multe din lumea financiară cred că ceea ce este necesar pentru o monedă viabilă este o uniune fiscal care are puterea de impozitare – şi că este într-adevăr nevoie. Dar că pierde punctul mai mare de care ar fi responsabil de uniune fiscale. Impozitare şi credit – care plăteşte cât de mult la care – în esenţă, sunt acte politice. Unul nu poate avea o autoritate centralizată fiscale fără a avea un centralizat politic / autoritatea militară capabilă de a impune şi aplicarea acesteia va. Grecii nu sunt de gând să pună în aplicare un impozit german-proiectat şi sistemul de credite de la Berlin pur şi simplu, deoarece crede ca este o idee bună. La fel de mult ca finantatori-ar plăcea să creadă, carnetul de cecuri nu este puterea suprema din galaxie. Puterea vine de la final de lege susţinută de un pistol.

 

Europa piese disparate

 

Acest concept nu este un revoluţionar – de fapt, acesta este unul cei mai mulţi oameni cunosc bine la un anumit nivel. Americanii au luptat cel mai sângeros război din istoria lor 1861-1865 peste problema puterii centrale faţă de puterea locală.Ce a fost a apărut o stare capabilă să funcţioneze la nivel internaţional. A fost nevoie de trei războaie europene similare -, de asemenea, în secolul 19 – pentru zeci de principate germane în cele din urmă să fuzioneze în ceea ce ştim acum ca Germania.

Europa pur şi simplu nu este până la punctul de conglomerat care doresc doar încă, şi noi nu folosim Războiul civil american sau războaie unificarea germană ca comparaţii uşor. STRATFOR vede pe timp de pace crearea unei autorităţi europene unificat politice ca fiind imposibil, din moment ce piesele componente din Europa sunt mult mai variate decat cele ale Americii la mijlocul secolului al 19-lea sau Germania.

  • Europa de Nord este compus din tehnocratice economiilor avansate, făcut posibil de-capacitatea de generare de capital de bine udate Câmpia Nord Europeană şi navigabil multe râuri (este mult mai ieftin pentru a muta bunuri prin apă decât terenuri, şi de subvenţii avantaj naţiuni situate pe aceste căi navigabile, o aprovizionare constantă de surplusul de capital). Ca o regulă, nordul Europei preferă o monedă puternică, în scopul de a atrage investiţii să garanteze costurile ridicate de educaţie avansate, primul-lume infrastructură şi a unei instalaţii industriale extrem de tehnic. Astfel, exporturile europene de nord – în mare măsură pe valoarea adăugată – nu sunt inhibate mult de o moneda puternica. Unul dintre rezultate ale acestui model de dezvoltare este un popor care se identifică cu fraţii săi din întreaga văile râurilor şi în alte domenii legate de ceea ce este omniprezentă de obicei infrastructură. Aceasta meşteşugurile o identitate firmă la nivel naţional, mai degrabă decât la nivel local şi asistă cu strategiile de mobilizare-masă. Prin urmare, dimensiunea este totul.
  • Sudul Europei, în comparaţie, suferă de o topografie arid, accidentat şi lipsa de râuri navigabile. Această lipsă de râuri face mai mult decât le neagă o bază de capital locale, ea inhibă, de asemenea, unificarea politică; lipsită de regiuni clare de bază, cele mai multe dintre aceste state se confruntă cu problemele politice ale Uniunii Europene în microcosmos. Aici, identitatea este mai localizată; europeni sud tind să se preocupe mai mult cu familia şi oraşul decât naţiune, deoarece acestea nu beneficiază de opţiuni de transport uşor sau contact regulat ca europenii de nord de la sine. economiilor lor reflecta acest lucru, cu integrare loc doar la nivel local (dar există un echivalent din sudul Europei a Great Northern industrial mega-regiuni, cum ar fi pe Rin, Italia Valea Po). Lipsit de economii de scară, economiile din sudul Europei sunt foarte dependente de o monedă slabă pentru a face exporturile lor competitiv în străinătate şi de a face fiecare dolar de investiţii primite sau de lucru deutschemark pentru efect maxim.
  • Europa Centrală – în mare parte pe teritoriul fostei Uniuni Sovietice – au diferite reguli încă de comportament. Unele ţări, cum ar fi Polonia, se potrivesc în bine cu europenii de nord, dar au nevoie de sprijin din afara apărare în scopul de a menţine poziţiile lor. Vremea rece din tarile baltice limitelor dimensiunile populaţiei, retrogradarea aceste ţări de a fi, cel mai bun caz, sateliţii economice ale puterilor mai mari (acestea sunt în speranţa pentru Suedia, în timp ce temându-se că va fi Rusia). Bulgaria şi România sunt un amestec de nord şi sud, stând călare din Europa cel mai lung fluviu navigabil fiind încă atât de îndepărtată de centrul european de succes, care dezvoltarea lor poate depinde de evenimente înTurcia , un stat care nu este chiar un membru al UE. În timp ce statele din această grupare de multe ori împreună plan pentru summit-urilor UE, în realitate singurul lucru pe care îl au în comun este o jumătate de secol de a recupera terenul pierdut, şi au nevoie de capital de mult ca pot fi puse la dispoziţie. Ca o astfel de variaţie ar putea sugera, unele dintre aceste state sunt în zona euro, în timp ce altele sunt puţin probabil să se alăture în următorul deceniu.

Şi că nu începe chiar de a include statele UE care au ales în mod activ de a refuza euro – Danemarca, Suedia şi Regatul Unit – sau ia în considerare faptul că Uniunea Europeană este în prezent formată din 27 de naţionalităţi diferite, care paza gelozie lor politice (şi, în cele mai multe cazuri, fiscal) autonomie .

Ideea este aceasta: cu Europa, având în astfel de zone geografice variate, economiilor şi sistemelor politice, orice uniune politică şi fiscală va fi însoţită de complicaţii şi politica de mis-prescripţiilor de la început. Pe scurt, acesta este un defect de euro, care nu va fi corectată, şi să fie greu de cap, nu este una care europenii încearcă să stabilească acum.

 

Problema datoriei

 

În cazul în care ceva, ei încearcă să o lucrare-ambarcaţiune jurul prin abordarea doua problemă: datorii. Uniunea monetară înseamnă că toate statele participante sunt supuse dictează de o singură bancă centrală, în acest caz, Banca Centrală Europeană (BCE) cu sediul la Frankfurt. principal al BCE (şi doar parţial a declarat) misiune este de a stimula creşterea pe termen lung, stabilă în cea mai mare economie din zona euro – Germania – de lucru de la teoria că ceea ce este bun pentru motorul economică a continentului este bun pentru Europa.

Un impact a acestui angajament este că Germania ratele scăzute ale dobânzilor sunt aplicate în întreaga zona a monedei, chiar şi pentru statele cu venituri mediocre, standardele scăzute de educaţie, infrastructură mai sărace şi puţine perspective de creştere pe termen lung. După intrarea lor în zona euro, europenii capital-infometat sudul utilizate pentru a ratelor dobânzii în intervalul de 10-15 la sută s-au aflat într-un mediu al ratelor în intervalul 2-5 la sută (în prezent acesta este de 1,0 la sută). Pentru a traduce că într-un beneficiu uşor de identificat, care echivaleaza cu o reducere a plăţilor lunare pentru un credit ipotecar standard de 30 de ani de mai mult de 60 la sută.

Ca teoria merge, costuri mai reduse de capital vor stimula dezvoltarea în statele periferice şi de a le permite să ajungă în Germania. Dar aceste ţări tradiţional suferă de rate ale dobânzii mai mari pentru motive bune. Mai mici, economiile sărace sunt mai volatile, deoarece chiar şi modificările mici în mediul internaţional le pot trimite fie prin podea sau pe acoperiş. riscuri mai mari şi volatilitatea înseamnă costuri mai mari de capital. regionalizarea lor generează, de asemenea, cheltuielile guvernamentale de mare ca guvernul central încearcă să reducă tendinţa regiunilor de a spin departe de centru (în esenţă, mita centru regiunile să rămână în stare).

Acest lucru înseamnă că, atunci când zona euro răspândit în aceste locuri, teoria ieşit pe fereastră. În practică, de creştere în periferie a accelera, dar aceasta crestere a fost nici buna, nici durabilă. Unificarea costurilor de capital sa dovedit a fi mai apropiată de a da un card American Express negru la un colegiu student în anul întâi: capital sărace state tradiţional (şi cetăţeni) au tendinta de a cheltui în situaţiile în care costurile îndatorării sunt scăzute, din cauza lipsei de un cadru relevant de referinţă. Rezultatul a fost de credit masive binging de corporaţii, consumatorilor şi guvernelor şi deopotrivă, în mod inevitabil, duce la bule intr-o varietate de sectoare. Şi, aşa cum aceste state a crescut mare în primul deceniu după ce euro a fost introdus, care le-au prăbuşit scăzut în ultimul an. Crizele datorie de 2010 – deci de precipitare în prezent planuri de salvare datoriei guvernamentale pentru Irlanda şi Grecia şi un plan de salvare bancă fără precedent în Irlanda – poate fi pus la picioarele acestei euro-au instigat pe-exuberanta.

Este acest neajuns al doilea rând, datoria-driven că liderii europeni au discutat 16 decembrie. Nici unul dintre ei doresc să facă departe cu euro la acest punct, şi este uşor pentru a vedea de ce. În timp ce moneda comună rămâne un băiat popular biciuire în politica internă, beneficiile sale – în principal, reducerea costurilor de tranzacţie, putere de cumpărare mai mare, accesul liber pe piaţa de capital şi mai ieftine şi mai abundente – sunt profund apreciate de către toate guvernele participante. Întrebarea nu este “unde euro”, dar cum de a oferi o plasă de siguranţă pentru euro mai puţin de dorit, aftereffects datorii legate de. Convenite cale este de a crea un mecanism care poate gestiona un plan de salvare chiar si pentru economiile din zona euro mai mare atunci când munţii lor datoriile devenit prea impunere. În teorie, acest lucru ar conţine presiuni contradictorii euro a creat în timp ce încă să furnizeze întreaga zonă beneficiile monedei euro multe.

 

Obstacolele în calea plasă de siguranţă

 

Trei complicaţii există, totuşi. În primul rând, atunci când un plan de salvare este necesară, este clar că ceva a mers teribil de greşit. În caz de Grecia , a fost out-of-cheltuieli guvernamentale de control fără să se gândească la viitor, în esenţă, că Atena a avut carte de negru şi sărit direct în abis economic. În caz de Irlanda, a fost din sectorul privat overindulgence, bule de aer care dimensiunea sectorului financiar la mai mult de patru ori în întreaga ţară produsul intern brut. În ambele cazuri, recuperarea a fost plat-out imposibilă fără “parteneri ţările din zona euro în pas cu pas şi a declarat un fel de datorii de vacanţă, iar rezultatul a fost o finanţare completă a tuturor cheltuielilor şi a deficitului irlandeze grec timp de trei ani în timp ce ei a lua casele lor, în vederea .

“Case în ordine”, sunt cuvintele cheie aici. În cazul în care nu-aşa-disperat pas prevede, în zona euro, cu câteva miliarde de euro – 223 miliarde de euro până în prezent, să fie exact – ei doresc nu numai lor, banii înapoi, dar, de asemenea, o oarecare asigurare că overindulgences astfel nu se va întâmpla din nou. Rezultatul este o serie profunda a cerinţelor de politică care trebuie adoptate în cazul în care banii salvarea urmează să fie puse la dispoziţie. În general cunoscut sub numele de măsuri de austeritate, ca rezultat aceste cerinţe în tăieturi adânci la serviciile sociale, pensiilor şi salariilor. Ele nu sunt plăcute. Pune pur şi simplu: Germania este încercarea de a comerţului beneficii financiare pentru dreptul de a face ajustările de politică, care în mod normal, ar fi înmânat de către o uniune politică.

Este un plan destul de slick, dar aceasta nu se întâmplă într-un vid. Amintiţi-vă, există două mai multe complicatii. Al doilea este faptul că 16 decembrie contractul este doar un acord de principiu.Înainte de orice dopuri Champagne sunt popped, ar trebui să ia în considerare faptul că “detalii”, a ridica un acord mai mult decât “simplu”-întrebare trilioane de euro. STRATFOR presupuneri că, pentru a livra pe promisiunile sale, fondul de salvare permanente (acum există un fond temporar cu un “doar” 750 miliarde de euro), probabil, ar avea nevoie în sus de trei miliarde de euro. De ce atât de mult? Ajutoarele financiare datoriilor pentru Grecia şi Irlanda, au fost proiectate pentru a sechestra complet acele state de pe pieţele datoria prin oferirea de aceste guverne, cu toate că ar avea nevoie de numerar pentru a finanţa bugetele lor timp de trei ani. Această mişcare înţeleaptă a contribuit la menţinerea de contagiune de propagare în restul zonei euro. A face orice fond credibilă înseamnă că se aplică precedent pentru toate statele din zona euro se confruntă cu presiuni mari datorii, şi folosind cele mai actuale date disponibile, care pune eticheta de preţ la doar sub 2200 miliarde de euro. Adăugaţi în suficient suplimentare, astfel încât zona euro are suficientă muniţie lăsate să lupte orice contagiune şi suntem în căutarea la un loc răcoros 3000 miliarde de euro.Măsurile anti-criză la acest punct s-au bucurat de sprijinul atât BCE, cât şi Fondul Monetar Internaţional, dar până în prezent, cifrele titlu au fost destul de restrânse în comparaţie cu nevoile viitoare. Inutil sa mai spunem, procesul de a veni cu fonduri de o asemenea magnitudine atunci când devine evident pentru restul Europei că acest lucru este, în centrul său, un joc de putere german este apt pentru a fi litigioase cel mai bun.

Complicaţie treilea este că mecanismul de salvare este de fapt doar jumătate din plan. Cealaltă jumătate este de a permite statelor de a cel puţin parţial implicit asupra datoriei lor (în limbajul diplomatic al UE, aceasta se numeşte “includerea intereselor private în finanţarea salvare”). În cazul în care investitorii care zona euro fond suveran pe pieţele datoria aud asta, ei fior de înţeles, deoarece aceasta înseamnă că Uniunea Europeană intenţionează să codifice da statelor permisiunea de a mers pe jos de datoriile lor – lipirea investitori cu pierderi. Acest lucru este de asemenea mai mult decât pur şi simplu o chestiune de trilioane de euro. Investitorii privaţi colectiv propriu aproape toate din zona euro de 7500 miliarde de euro în datoriei suverane restante. Şi în cazul Italiei, Austria, Belgia, Portugalia şi Grecia, volumele datoriei în valoare de jumătate sau mai mult din PIB pentru fiecare stat în parte sunt deţinute de străini.

Presupunând că investitorii decide merită riscul de a păstra achiziţie datoriei guvernamentale, dar ele au o modalitate de a diminua acest risc: prime de taxa mai mare. Rezultatul va fi costuri mai mari finanţarea datoriilor pentru toate, de două ori astfel de risipitor din zona euro mai mult şi / sau cu economii mai slabe.

Pentru majoritatea erei euro, ratele dobânzilor la obligaţiuni guvernamentale au fost aceleaşi în întreaga zona euro, bazat pe credinţa inexacte care statele din zona euro ar fi ca toate fiscal conservatoare şi punct de vedere economic ca Germania. Această convingere a fost acum spulberat, iar rata asupra datoriei greceşti şi irlandeză are acum crescut de la 4,5 la sută la începutul anului 2008 la această săptămână 11,9 la sută şi 8,6 la sută, respectiv. Cu o politică implicit formală în a face, aceste rate sunt de gând să merg mai mari încă. În epoca înainte de a uniunii monetare a devenit scop europenilor “, datoria publică greacă şi irlandeză în mod regulat a mers pentru 20 la sută şi 10 la sută, respectiv. aderarea la euro a continuat poate pune bine un pic de presiune descendentă asupra acestor rate, dar că va fi mai mult decât copleşit de faptul că ambele ţări sunt, în esenţă, în conservatorship financiare.

Că nu este doar o problemă pentru post-2013 lume, cu toate acestea. Deoarece investitorii stiu acum Uniunea Europeană intenţionează să le stick cu cel puţin o parte a proiectului de lege, acestea sunt de gând să ceară profituri mai mari ca detaliile planului implicite sunt făcute cunoscute, atât cu privire la orice noi datorii şi cu privire la orice datorie pre-existente, care vine pentru refinanţare.Acest lucru înseamnă că afirmă că doar prin squeaked în 2010 trebuie să ruleze-un set mai dificil în 2011 – în special dacă acestea depind în mare măsură pe investitori străini pentru finanţarea deficitelor bugetare. Toate se vor confrunta cu finanţare mai mare şi costuri de refinanţare ca investitorii să reacţioneze la prezentările vine Europene doar pe cât de mult sectorul privat va fi de aşteptat să contribuie.

Neluând în cele două state care au primit deja planuri de salvare (Grecia şi Irlanda), cele patru state din zona euro STRATFOR cifre se confruntă cu probleme mai – Portugalia, Belgia, Spania şi Austria , în această ordine – planul de a ridica sau refinanţa un sfert de miliarde de euro în 2011 singur. Italia şi Franţa, două nu greii că, departe de zona de pericol, planul de a ridica o altă jumătate de miliarde de euro între ele. Dacă trecutul este orice ghid, membrii mai slabi din acest cvartet-ar putea confrunta cu costuri de finanţare a dublei ceea ce le-am confruntat recent ca începutul anului 2008. Pentru unele dintre aceste state, mai mari costuri ar putea fi suficient pentru a le împinge în coşul de gunoi salvare, chiar dacă nu există nici un investitor skittishness suplimentare.

Mecanismul de salvare existente, probabil, se pot ocupa de primele patru state (doar abia, şi presupunând că aceasta funcţionează ca publicitate), dar dincolo de faptul că, restul din zona euro vor trebui să vină cu un fond multitrillion de euro într-un mediu în care investitorii privaţi sunt susceptibile de a se sustrage. Fără îndoială, euro are nevoie de un nou mecanism pentru a supravieţui. Dar venind cu unul care sperie pe cei care fac deficitul public-cheltuielilor posibil, europenii au toate, dar garantat că crizei financiare din Europa va primi mult mai rău înainte de a începe să se îmbunătăţească.

Dar să presupunem pentru o clipă că această toate lucrările afară, că moneda euro a supravieţuit până în ziua în care noul mecanism va fi în loc să o susţină. Luaţi în considerare ceea ce o astfel de zona euro, 2013 ar arăta dacă proiectul brute au convenit să 16 decembrie devine o realitate. Toate statele flirtezi cu planuri de salvare în 2010 se apropie de sarcini se aşteaptă să aibă chiar mai mare datorie doi ani de acum. Prin urmare, investitorii vor au impus pedepsirea costurile de finanţare pe toate acestea. Singur nu printre principalele ţări din zona euro se confruntă cu astfel de costuri vor fi Germania, ţara care a scris regulile salvare şi indirect este responsabil pentru gestionarea salvare adoptate în acest punct. Berlin va comanda siruri de caractere pungă şi normele financiare, dar se nestingherit prin aceste reglementări sau a costurilor mai mari de finanţare care merg cu ei. Un astfel de control nu este destul de o uniune politică, dar atât timp cât restul zonei euro este dispus să comerţului suveranitatea financiare pentru avantajele oferite de euro, este cu siguranţă cel mai bun lucru.

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December 7, 2010

Rusia,UE SI…ezitant,SUA-“Geopolitical Journey, Part 8: Returning Home”

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Geopolitical Journey, Part 8: Returning Home

Editor’s note: This is the final installment in a series of special reports that Dr. Friedman wrote during his travels to Turkey, Moldova, Romania, Ukraine and Poland. In this series, he shared his observations of the geopolitical imperatives in each country and now concludes with reflections on his journey as a whole and options for the United States.

By George Friedman

I have come home, a word that is ambiguous for me, and more so after this trip to Romania, Moldova, Turkey, Ukraine and Poland. The experience of being back in Texas frames my memories of the journey. The architecture of the cities I visited both impressed and oppressed me. Whether Austro-Hungarian mass or Stalinist modernism, the sheer size of the buildings was overwhelming. These are lands of apartments, not of private homes on their own plots of land. In Texas, even in the cities, you have access to the sky. That gives me a sense of freedom and casualness that Central Europe denies me. For a man born in Budapest, with a mother from Bratislava and a father from Uzhgorod, I can’t deny I am Central European. But I prefer my chosen home in Austin simply because nothing is ever casual for me in Central Europe. In Texas, everything is casual, even when it’s about serious things. There is an ease in the intensity of Texas.

On my return, some friends arranged a small dinner with some accomplished and distinguished people to talk about my trip. I was struck by the casualness of the conversation. It was a serious discussion, even passionate at times, but it was never guarded. There was no sense that a conversation carried with it risk. I had not met some of the guests before. It didn’t matter. In the region I was born in, I feel that I have to measure every word with care. There are so many bad memories that each word has to be measured as if it were gold. The simplest way to put it, I suppose, is that there are fewer risks in Texas than in Central Europe. One of the benefits of genuine power is speaking your mind, with good humor. Those on the edge of power proceed with more caution. Perhaps more than others, I feel this tension. Real Texans may laugh at this assertion, but at the end of the day, I’m far more Texan than anything else.

Or perhaps I speak too quickly. We were in the Kiev airport on the way to Warsaw. As I was passing through security, I was stopped by the question, “Friedman? Warsaw?” I admitted that and suddenly was under guard. “You have guns in your luggage.” For me, that statement constituted a near-death experience. I looked at my wife, wondering what she had done. She said casually, “Those aren’t guns. They are swords and daggers and were to be surprises for my husband.” Indeed they were. While I stood in mortal terror, she cheerily chatted up the guards, who really couldn’t make out what she was saying but were charmed nonetheless by her complete absence of fear. In my case, the fear came in layers, with each decade like another layer in an archaeological dig. For her, memory is a much simpler thing.

The region I visited is all about memories — never forgetting, never forgiving and pretending it doesn’t matter any more. Therefore, the region is in a peculiar place. On the one hand, every past grievance continues to live. On the other hand, a marvelous machine, the European Union, is hard at work, making the past irrelevant and the future bright. In a region not noted for its optimism, redemption is here and it comes from Brussels.

 

European Dreams

 

Here is the oddity. The Cold War ended about 20 years ago. The Maastricht Treaty was implemented about 17 years ago. By European — or any — standards, both the post-Cold War world and the European Union in its contemporary form are extraordinarily new inventions. People who still debate the ethnic makeup of Transylvania in 1100 are utterly convinced that the European Union represents a permanent and stable foundation for their future. The European Union will, so they say, create prosperity, instill democracy and produce a stable system of laws that will end corruption, guarantee human rights and eliminate the Russian threat.

It is almost impossible to have a rational discussion about the European Union. The paradox between memories going back millennia and tremendous confidence in an institution less than 20 years old could have been the single most startling thing I found. People whose historical sensibility ought to tell them that nothing this new can be counted on are sincerely convinced that the European Union works and will continue to work.

Another oddity was that my visit coincided with the Irish crisis. At the heart of the crisis is Germany’s recognition that the way the European Union is structured is unsustainable. The idea that countries that get help from the European Union might have a different voting status than those that give help profoundly reshapes the union from a collection of equal states to various classes of states, with Germany inevitably in the dominant position.

I noted that countries already in the European Union, like Romania and Poland, did not find this a troubling evolution. Poland might have a rational reason for this view, since it is doing fairly well at the moment, but Romania has no reason to be confident. For the Romanians, it is as if it doesn’t matter what their status is in the European Union so long as they are in the union. They see it as a benevolent entity in which the interests of some countries will put others at a disadvantage.

Even more interesting are the many Moldovans and Ukrainians who still think they are going to get into the European Union and focus on where they are in the accession process. My view is that they are exactly nowhere, because the Greek and Irish crises, plus whatever comes next, will change and probably limit who will be permitted to become a member. It is impossible for me to imagine circumstances under which either of these countries becomes a member. I can more easily imagine expulsions and resignations from both the eurozone and the European Union than I can imagine continued expansion.

In this region, in spite of the Irish crisis, almost no one drew a connection between the ongoing financial crises, doubts about the future of the European Union, questions about whether EU membership is desirable, questions about whether the rules are going to change in some unbearable way, or questions about whether the rest of Europe will want to be associated with them regardless of what they do. The EU crisis simply has not affected the perception.

I think there are two reasons for this. The collapse of the Soviet Union and the rise of the contemporary European Union coincided. For most of these countries, liberation from the Warsaw Pact coincided with the rise of the union. It and NATO were tickets out of the hell of Soviet domination. These countries have no vision of what they will be if the European Union changes. Starting a discussion of this would create a fundamental political crisis based on the question of national identity. No one wants to have that conversation. Therefore, it is better to pretend that what we see in the European Union are passing clouds rather than an existential crisis. Far better to postpone the conversation on what Romania or Poland is if the union becomes something very different than to have the conversation now. Therefore, it is declared, ex cathedra, that the European Union is not facing redefinition.

The second reason has to do with Germany. All of these countries lived through nightmares in World War II. For all of them, allied with or enemies of Germany at the time, Hitler led to national catastrophe. Germany has re-emerged as the dominant European power and EU center. If the memories rule, these countries should be panicking. They do not want to panic. Therefore, they have created for themselves a picture of a Germany whose very soul has been transformed since 1945, a Germany that has no predatory interests, poses no threats and will solve all EU problems.

There is a Germany between monster and saint that they don’t want to deal with. Germany is a democratic country, and the German public is not enamored with the idea of being Europe’s cash machine. The German elite have things under control for now, but if things get worse, Germany has elections like any other country. Germany does not have to be a monster in order to be unwilling to underwrite Europe — certainly not without major political and economic concessions. The tension between the German elite and the German public is substantial, and if the German elite are broken in the political process of a democratic country, the European Union can change. Europe is democratic, and it is not clear that the European public has an unshakeable commitment to the European Union.

The Eastern Europeans are confident that this won’t happen in Germany. The only exception, of course, is Turkey, which is officially eager for membership in the European Union and quite prepared to go forward without it. Turkey was the wild card on this trip, the country that didn’t fit. It is therefore not surprising that Turks should have a unique view of the European Union. They are doing well economically, and while the union might have a political and cultural attraction to many Turks, it is not in any way the existential foundation of the Turkish nation. To the contrary, like Germany, Turkey is at the center of its own emerging region. This makes it difficult to think of Turkey as part of this journey, with one exception. If my idea of the Intermarium is to have an anchor, that anchor would have to be Turkey. I think Turkey needs a relationship with Europe, and the concept I have been putting forward is an alternative to the European Union.

Polish and Romanian political leaders refer to their close relationships with German leaders. They don’t want to think about a wholesale cleansing of the German leadership. They may be right. It may not happen. But it is not something that can be excluded or even seen as unlikely. There is a combination of unwillingness to think of the consequences of this crisis and a sense of helplessness. Memories reverse here. Every house is filled with memories. These memories have been declared abolished by official decree. All is well.

 

The Question of Russia

 

Then there is Russia. Here there are fewer illusions, but then less time has passed. Everyone knows the Russians have returned to history. Far more than the Americans, they know that Putin is a Russian leader, in the full meaning of that term. The Ukrainians and Moldovans are divided; some would welcome the Russians, some would want to resist. The Turks, having never been occupied by the Russians but having fought many duels with them, depend on them for energy, feel uncomfortable and look for alternatives. The Romanians hope for the best with occasional combative outbursts. But the Poles have the cleverest response, actually dueling with the Russians in Belarus and Ukraine while simultaneously maintaining good relations with Moscow. I am not saying that they are effective, just that they are not passive.

But they also comfort themselves about Russia as they do about Germany. The Russian economy is weak. This is true, but it was weak when the Russians beat Napoleon and weak when they seized Central Europe. Russian military and intelligence capabilities have frequently outstripped the country’s economic power. The reason is simple: Given its security apparatus, Russia can suppress public discontent more than other countries can. Therefore it can compel the public to exist with lower standards of living without resistance and divert resources to the military. With Russia, you cannot correlate economic power and military power. Everyone has written Russia off because of its demographic problems. Russia is too complex a country to reduce its future to that. Russia tends to surprise you when you least expect it.

Of course, this is something that former members of the Warsaw Pact understand. There is genuine concern about what Russia will do in Poland and west of the Carpathians. Here, many look to NATO. Again, to me, NATO is moribund. It has insufficient military force, it has a decision-making structure that doesn’t allow for rapid decisions, and it doesn’t have a basing system. In addition, it has the Germans inviting the Russians into a closer relationship with NATO that everyone applauds but the Americans and Eastern Europeans. To me, NATO is no longer a defensive alliance; it is a gesture toward having a defensive alliance.

NATO is designed to come to the aid of Poland or the Baltics in the event of the unexpected and inconceivable, which would be Russia taking advantage of NATO weakness to create a new reality. For NATO to have any chance of working, it not only has to reach a unanimous agreement but it must also mobilize and move a multinational force while the Balts and Poles hold out. As in 1939, the issue is that they must remain effective fighting forces with the ability to resist and have a military capability of this generation and not the last. If the Russians are not going to attack, then there is no point in having NATO. Let it die and let the diplomats and bureaucrats go on to other careers. If there is a threat, it comes from Russia, so integrating Russia into NATO would make no sense, nor does the current NATO force structure.

A decision has to be made but it won’t be. It is too comforting to think of NATO as an effective military force than to do the work needed to make it one. And when the bill is presented, it is easier to dismiss the Russian threat. Yet none of these countries will take the logical leap and simply state that NATO has no function. That’s because they know better. But knowing better is not the same as going to the effort.

The problem is Germany. It is moving closer to the Russians and does not want a NATO focused on the Russians. It wants no part of a new Cold War. And no one in the countries I visited had any desire to challenge the Germans. And so the question of Russia is out there, but no one wants to state it too boldly.

 

The Invisible Americans

 

There is one country I haven’t mentioned in all of this: the United States. I’ve remained silent on this because virtually everyone I talked to on my trip was silent about the United States. It is simply not a factor to these countries, except Turkey. I found it striking that Eastern Europe is not making calculations based on what the United States will or won’t do. Perhaps the disappearance of the United States from the European equation was the most startling thing on this trip, one I didn’t realize until I returned.

The European Union dominates all minds. NATO is there as well, a distant second. The Russians are taken into account. But the United States has stopped being a factor in European affairs. It does not present an alternative, and those countries that looked at it to do so, like Poland, have been bitterly disappointed in what they have seen as American promises and a failure to deliver. For other countries, like Romania, Israel offers a more interesting relationship than the United States.

The decline in American influence and power in Europe is not due to the lack of American power. It is due primarily to America’s absorption in the wars in the Islamic world. To the extent the Americans interact with Europe it is all about requesting troops for Afghanistan and demanding economic policies that the Germans block.

The United States has fought two bloody and one cold and dangerous war in Europe in the past century. Each war was about the relationship among France, Germany and Russia, and the desire of the United States not to see any one of them or a coalition dominate the continent. The reason was the fear that Russian resources and Franco-German technology (particularly German) would ultimately threaten American national security. The United States intervened in World War I, invaded Northern Europe in 1944 and stood guard in Germany for 45 years to prevent this. This was the fixed strategy of the United States.

It is not clear what Washington’s strategy is toward Europe at this point. I do not believe the United States has a strategy. If it did, I would argue that the strategy should consist of two parts: first, trying to prevent a Russo-German entente and, second, creating a line running from Finland to Turkey to limit and shape both countries. This is the Intermarium strategy I wrote about earlier in this series.

This strategy is not, in my mind, impossible because the countries involved are uninterested. It is impossible because Washington seems to believe that the fall of the Soviet regime changed America’s fundamental strategic interest. Washington is living an illusion. It is the belief that the hundred-year war in Europe has been replaced by a hundred-year war in the Islamic world. It may have been supplemented but it has not been replaced.

In talking to people in Washington and Europe, I am made to feel anachronistic, raising issues that no longer exist. I will argue that these people are out of touch with reality. The dynamics of the last hundred years in Europe have always changed but have always returned to the same fundamental questions, just in different ways. The strategy of the Cold War cost far fewer lives than the strategies of World War I and World War II. By intervening early, war was avoided in the Cold War. It avoided a slaughter at a fraction of the cost. My countercharge to being anachronistic is that those celebrating the European Union and NATO are willfully ignoring the fundamental defects of each.

I suspect the Intermarium will come, at a time and in a way that will combine all the risks with a much higher human price. Perhaps I am wrong. I have been before. But this I am certain of: The United States is a global power, and Europe remains a critical area of interest. I have never lived in a period when the United States was less visible, less well-regarded and less trusted than at the current moment. Democrats will blame Bush. Republicans will blame Obama. Both are responsible, but the ultimate responsibility lies with us.

Just as the Eastern Europeans are having an identity crisis, so too are the Americans. The Eastern Europeans and Turks are trying to define their place in the world after the end of the Cold War. So are the Americans. America has not disappeared because it lacks power. A country that makes up one quarter of the world’s economic activity and controls the seas is hardly weak, although many would proclaim the American decline. The United States simply hasn’t figured out how to handle the enormous power it has. With each succeeding president, it seems to get more confused.

Americans take the Romanian position, hoping for the best and rationalizing away their lack of exertion. I am reminded, on Dec. 7, of the price we paid for a similar indifference in 1941. At that time, the Great Depression was our excuse for inaction. Today it is the Great Recession. In the end, we had the Depression and war.

One thing that you learn in Eastern Europe is that you don’t get to choose how you live. Others frequently choose for you. That is because Eastern European countries have been weak and divided. Now it is because they are trying to unite with powers in the European Union that are greater than they are. The United States, in a very different way, faces the same problem, not from weakness but from strength. Strength limits options just as weakness does.

I have come from there and am now here, a journey I have completed many times and one that always brings the singularly human pleasure of being home again. Much has changed in Eastern Europe, but, oddly, very little has. These are countries for which others define the rules. I am convinced that it doesn’t have to be this way, but they are not. For them, it is the perpetual search for the other who will make rules for them. At home, I live in a country and place where resisting the rules, particularly those imposed by others, is a national obsession, but then American history has been about this sort of resistance.

I am convinced that the fate of the region I was born in and the country I grew up in are intimately linked. Neither my government nor theirs seems aware of this fact. I don’t think either will understand this until history’s crank turns once more, and the post-Cold War world is replaced by the next phase of history, one that will be both bleaker and more dangerous than the prosperous interregnum of the last 18 years.


Reprinting or republication of this report on websites is authorized by prominently displaying the following sentence, including the hyperlink to STRATFOR, at the beginning or end of the report.

Geopolitical Journey, Part 8: Returning Home is republished with permission of STRATFOR.”

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